The lookout of Confusion and Frustration

All theories have been proposed to mask confusion, arriving eventually at an affective stance towards what is now termed periods of cognitive dissonance or cognitive disequilibrium (Piaget, 1952). For Kurt Lewin, such a state is a struggle to recognize, assimilate, and accommodate the impediments in the way—a conflict with what is already known. There has been a fair amount of debate and contentious meaning changing about confusion as a substantive entity, but it seems generally accepted that putative experiences of confusion are based on the mismatch of information—a disjunction of information—made between a learning with a prior knowledge. One definition of frustration could be a sensation that occurs when thwarting action stands in the way of a goal. For example, confronting a dead end, or failing to achieve an aim are likely to produce feelings of anger and/or low self-esteem. Conceptually, the typical process of frustration includes a frustrating act with a goal or exp...